How to Prevent Frozen Pipes

Understanding Why Pipes Freeze

Pipes freeze when water inside them is exposed to temperatures at or below 32°F (0°C). However, pipes typically don't freeze until temperatures drop to about 20°F (-6°C) for several hours. The expansion of freezing water creates pressure between the ice blockage and closed faucet, which causes pipes to burst.

The pipes most at risk are:

• Exposed pipes in unheated areas like basements, attics, and garages
• Pipes running through exterior walls with little or no insulation
• Outdoor hose bibs and water supply lines
• Swimming pool supply lines and sprinkler systems

Before Winter: Prevention Steps

Insulate Vulnerable Pipes

Pipe insulation is your first line of defense against freezing:

• Use foam pipe insulation on all exposed pipes (costs about $0.50 per linear foot)
• Pay special attention to pipes in crawl spaces, attics, and garages
• For extreme cold areas, consider electric heat tape or cable
• Seal cracks and holes near pipes with caulk or spray foam insulation

Outdoor Preparation

• Disconnect, drain, and store garden hoses
• Close inside valves supplying outdoor faucets
• Open outdoor faucets to allow water to drain
• Keep the outside valve open so any water remaining can expand without breaking the pipe
• Install faucet covers on all outdoor spigots

During Cold Snaps: Active Prevention

Keep Water Moving

Moving water is much harder to freeze than standing water:

• Let cold water drip from faucets served by exposed pipes
• Even a trickle can prevent freezing
• Open both hot and cold faucets slightly

Maintain Indoor Temperature

• Keep thermostat at the same temperature day and night
• Never set thermostat lower than 55°F, even when away
• Open kitchen and bathroom cabinet doors to allow warm air to circulate around pipes
• Keep garage doors closed if water lines run through the garage

How to Thaw Frozen Pipes Safely

If you turn on a faucet and only a trickle comes out, you likely have a frozen pipe. Here's how to safely thaw it:

Locate the Frozen Section

1. Check exposed pipes for frost or bulging
2. Feel along the pipe for extremely cold sections
3. Most commonly frozen areas are where pipes enter through foundation

Safe Thawing Methods

• Apply heat using an electric heating pad wrapped around the pipe
• Use an electric hair dryer, starting from the faucet end
• Wrap pipes with towels soaked in hot water
• Use a portable space heater (keep away from flammable materials)

Long-Term Solutions

For chronic freezing problems, consider these permanent solutions:

• Pipe relocation: Move pipes from exterior walls to interior spaces
• Added insulation: Increase insulation in walls, attics, and crawl spaces
• Heat cable: Install UL-listed heat cable with thermostat control
• Pipe replacement: Replace problem pipes with PEX, which can expand without bursting
• Smart home monitoring: Install freeze alarms or smart water sensors

Vacation Precautions

If you'll be away during cold weather:

• Ask someone to check your house daily
• Set thermostat no lower than 55°F
• Consider shutting off water and draining the system
• Open all faucets and flush toilets if draining